longitudinal wave

Both transverse and longitudinal waves may be represented by sine wave forms. Both types of waves can(a) be reflected,(b) be refracted,(c) interfere,(d) be diffracted.In general, what applies to one set of waves applies equally well to the other. Transverse waves can be polarised whereas longitudinal waves cannot, but this is outside the scope of this book.

inductance of a coil

In 1820, Oersted discovered the magnetic effect of electric current, according to which an electric current produces a magnetic field. The converse effect was discovered and demonstrated by Michael Faraday in UK and by Joseph Henry in USA in the year 1831. They showed that electric current can be produced in a coil of wire with the help of a magnetic field. The phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. Many vital devices like generators and transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The laws of physics governing the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction are known as Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The discovery of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction lent support to the belief of physicists that 'symmetry is beauty in physics'.

congruent figures

Let PQRS be a parallelogram and PR be one of its diagonals. What can you say about triangles PQRC andRSP?Solution:Step 1: In a four-sided figure, opposite sides are congruent. Hence sides Step 2: QR and PS are congruent, and also sides PQ and RS are congruent.Step 3: In a four-sided figure opposite angles are congruent. Step 4: Hence angles PQR and RSP are four side figure.Step 5: Two sides and an included angle of triangle PQR are congruent to two corresponding sides and an included angle in triangle RSP. According to the above postulate the two triangles PQR and RSP are congruent.

1 man 1 cup

Sexes, male and female are distinct in all higher animals including human. Hereditary differences are quite pronounced in male and female individuals.1. Sex of an organism is associated with certain chromosomes, known as sex chromosomes. In human the sex chromosomes are XY in male and XX in female.2. The male which is heterozygous, produces two types of gametes or sperm X and Y. The homozygous female produces only one type of gamete or ovum X.3. An ovum fertilized with Y bearing sperm gives rise to a male offspring (XY) while an ovum fertilized with X bearing sperm produces a female (XX)4. The maleness and femaleness of the offsprings is dependent on the type of sex chromosomes in the zygote.5. The only difference between male and female sex is that the male has a haploid set and the female a diploid set of sex chromosomes.*

biology grade 10

Self Evaluation1. Draw and label the parts of transverse section of monocot root.2. Draw the transverse section of dicot root and label the parts.3. Distinguish the anatomy of dicot roots from monocot roots. Differences between monocot and dicot roots.Monocot rootsDicot roots(0 Xylem is polyarch.(ii) Pith is usually large at the centre.(iii) Metaxylem vessels are generally circular in cross section.(/V) Conjunctive tissue is sclerenchy-matous in monocot roots like maize, (v) There is no secondary growth.Xylem is usually tetrarch. Pith is usually absent. Metaxylem vessels are generally polygonal in cross section. Conjunctive tissue is usually • parenchymatous. Secondary growth is present.Other Important Question4. What are the three tissue systems in the root of a matured plant?The embryo develops into an adult plant with roots, stem and leaves due to the activity of the apical meristem. A mature plant has three kinds of tissue systems — (0 the dermal, (ii) the fundamental and (iii) the vascular system.(/') The dermal system includes the epidermis, which is the primary outer protective covering of the plant body. The periderm is another protective tissue that supplants the epidermis in the roots and stems that undergo secondary growth.(ii) The fundamental tissue system includes tissues that form the ground substance of the plant in which other permanent tissues are found embedded. Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are the main ground tissues.(iii) The vascular system contains the two conducting tissues, the phloem and xylem. In different parts of the plants, the various tissues are distributed in characteristic patterns.

cubic yard calculator

1. Explain the concept of reciprocal lattice. Discuss its properties. What is its importance?2. Derive the Bragg conditions in terms of the reciprocal lattice vectors. (Raj., 1974)3. Explain the concept of Brillouin zones. Give the construction of the first Brillouin zone of an oblique lattice in two dimensions.4. Show that the reciprocal lattice of a simple cubic lattice is another simple cubic lattice. Hence deduce the first Brillouin zone of the simple cubic crystal lattice.5. Show that the reciprocal lattice for a body centred cubic crystal is face centred cubic.(Raj., 1974; Jodhpur, 1968)6. What do you mean by reciprocal lattice? Calculate the reciprocal lattice for a direct fee lattice. What is meant by first Brillouin Zone? (Delhi, 1983)7. Discuss the origin of the geometrical structure factor and the atomic scattering factor in x-ray diffraction and derive suitable mathematical expressions for them. What is the importance of the geometrical structure factor in the analysis of the crystal structures? (Raj., 1977)8. Explain the origin of van der Waals forces in molecular crystal. Show that for van der Waals forces the interaction energy varies as 1 / Rf\ where R is the separation of two interacting atoms.(Raj., 1984)9. Define Cohesive energy and determine its value for crystals of inert gases.10. Obtain the binding energy of an ionic crystal and derive the expression for the Madelung constant. Calculate the value of this constant for a linear ionic lattice. (Raj., 1970)11. Obtain an expression for the total cohesive energy of an ionic crystal in terms of Madelung constant and other parameters.12. State and prove Bloch theorem.13. Discuss the Kronig-Penny model for a linear lattice. How does it lead to formation of energy bands in solid? (Raj., 1983)14. Give Kronig -Penney model of electron in a periodic potential. What are its consequences?(Rohilkand, 1993, 92, 91; Meerut, 1993)

aluminum hydroxide formula

INTRODUCTIONEthers may be considered as the anhydrides of alcohols, as they may be prepared by elimination of one molecule of water from two molecules of any alcohol.e-g-,C2H5OH + HOC2H5—» C2H5OC2H5 + H2OEthyl alcohol (2 mols) Diethyl etherSince alcohols are also alkyl hydroxides, likewise ethers may be called alkyl oxides by analogy to sodium oxide which is also prepared by elimination of the molecule of water from two molecules of sodium hydroxide.Na|OH + H]QNa—» Na —O—Na + H20Sod. hydroxide (2 mols) Sodium oxideR|OH + H|OR—*R — O — R + H20Alkyl hydroxide (2 mols) Alkyl oxideAs the alcohols may be considered as the monoalkyl derivatives of water, so the ethers may be considered as the dialkyl derivatives of water.H—O—H R—O—H R —O —RWater Alcohol EtherEthers also form a homologous series with the general molecular formula C^H^ + 20 where the value of n is always more than one. Ethers possess the general functional group — O — and are in general represented as R — O — R'.